A Generalization of the Grey Lotka–Volterra Model and Application to GDP, Export, Import and Investment for the European Union

This study proposes a generalized grey Lotka–Volterra model with finite number of variables. The is obtained by applying the modelling method to estimate parameters dimensional quadratic system. Subsequently, used analyze competition and cooperation relationship between four macroeconomic indicators, namely Gross Domestic Product, Export, Import Investment, obtain short-time forecasting for them. data in empirical investigation cover time periods 2005–2022 2011–2022, European Union. results are compared ones using GM(1,1) two-dimensional model. Finally, economic interpretations findings formulated.